UNIT. 1

Greetings and Leave Takings

Listen and read these dialogues

1. Nick : Hello, Lusi. Nice to see you again.
Lusi : Nice to see you too, Nick.
Nick : How are you doing?
Lusi : Pretty well, thanks.
Nick : How is Hendra?
Lusi : He’s fine, thank you.

2. Lusi : Good morning, sir.
Teacher : Good morning, Lusi. How are you?
Lusi : I’m very well, thank you.
Teacher : What are you doing here in the hospital?
Lusi : I am going to visit my neighbor. She has just delivered a baby.
Teacher : I see. Are you alone?
Lusi : No, I’m with my Mom. There she comes. I’m sorry, I have to go now. Good bye, sir.
Teacher : Good bye, Lusi. See you at school tomorrow.

3. Mr. Iskandar : Good afternoon, Mr. Hermawan. How are you?
Mr. Hermawan : Very well. Thank you. How are you?
Mr. Iskandar : I’m fine, too. How is your family?
Mr. Hermawan : They are fine. Thank you. How’s business?
Mr. Iskandar : It’s going up this year. Thanks.
Mr. Hermawan : Glad to hear that. Oh, there comes
Mr. Bawono. Sorry, I have to see him before the meeting. I’ll talk to you later.
Mr. Hermawan : Sure. See you.

1. Mr. Iskandar : Good morning, Talita.
Talita : Good morning, Mr.Iskandar.
Mr. Iskandar : How are you?
Talita : Very well, thank you. And how are you, sir?
Mr. Iskandar : Fine, thank you. Did you have a good night’s rest last night?
Talita : Yes, sir. Thank you.
2. Talita : Hi, Renata.
Renata : Hello, Lita. How’s everything?
Talita : Just fine, thanks, and how about you?
Renata : Good, thanks. How was your weekend, Lita?
Talita : It was great. I went to Yogya. What about you?
Renata : Not too bad. I just stayed at home, we
had a family gathering.

Leave Takings

1. Boys : Bye, dad.
Father : Bye-bye, sons. Take care.
2. Talita : Good bye, Mrs. Iskandar.
Mrs. Iskandar : Good bye, Ms. Yuwono. It’s been nice talking to you.

3. Talita : I have to go now. See you later.
Renata : Bye. See you.

4. Mr. Iskandar : Good bye, Talita. See you tomorrow.
Talita : Yes. Good bye, Mr. Iskandar.

Formal Greetings - Good morning. - Good afternoon. - Good evening. - Hello, how are you?	Responses - - Good Morning - - - - Hello, good afternoon. - Good evening. - I’m fine. Thank you. - Very well, thank you.
Informal Greetings -Hi, how’s life? - What’s news? - How’s everything? - How’s business? - Good to see you.	Responses -Terrific. And you? - Just fine, thanks. - Great, thanks. - Pretty well. What about you?
Leave Takings	Responses
-Sorry, I have to go now. - I’ll talk to you later. - It’s been nice talking to you. - Good bye. - Bye-bye / Bye. - See you tomorrow.	- Yes of course. See you. - Sure. See you later. - So long. - Take care. - Keep in touch. - See you at school

Read the passage below.

Good morning.

Welcome to St. Raphael Vocational School and a warm welcome to the new students joining our school community. We are pleased that you have chosen our International Standard School.

This is our third year of being an International Standard School with the character of fostering not only a challenging academic environment, but a safe and discipline school concept, where student's individual potential and talents are encouraged.

Please review our Handbook to finds some useful information regarding our school procedures and policies.

The staff of St. Raphael Vocational School looks forward to sharing another great year in partnership with you. We are happy to have you with us.

Answer these questions based on the text above.
1. Where do you likely read this kind of text?
2. What is the purpose of publishing this text?
3. How long has this institution got the new status?
4. What are the characteristics of this school?
5. How do you get the information about the school regulations?

1. Talita : That’s Baskara. Do you know him?
Renata : No, I don’t.
Talita : Hello, Baska.
Baskara : Hello, Lita.
Talita : Baska, this is a friend of mine, Renata Simamora.
Baskara : Hello. Pleased to meet you.
Renata : Hi, pleased to meet you too.

2. Baskara : Excuse me. I don’t think we have met, I’m Baskara.
Renata : Hello. I’m Renata.
Baskara : Nice to meet you, Renata.
Renata : Nice to meet you.
3. Talita : Mr. Iskandar, let me introduce you to Mr. Hardono of Java Tour. Mr. Hardono, this is Mr. Smith, our Marketing Manager.
Mr. Iskandar : How do you do?
Mr.Hardono : How do you do? It’s very nice to meet you.
Mr. Iskandar : It’s nice to meet you too.

4. Talita : I’m sorry. I don’t think we’ve met. My name is Talita Yuwono.
Rafael : Hi. I’m Rafael Romero. I’m a new member in this gym. I’m pleased to meet you.
Talita : Pleased to meet you too. Have you met the other members?
Rafael : Not yet. You are the first.
Talita : Come with me, then. I’ll introduce you to
them.
Rafael : Thanks. I appreciate that.

Introducing oneself	Responses
- Hi, I’m Baskara. - Hello, my name’s Baskara. - Good evening. My name is Baskara. - May I introduce myself? I’m Baskara. - Let me introduce myself. My name is Baskara. - How do you do? My name is Baskara.	- Hi, I’m Renata. Glad to meet you. - Hello. My name’s Renata. Pleased to meet you. - Good evening. I’m Renata. How do you do? - How do you do? My name is Renata. Nice to meet you.
Introducing others	Responses
- Do you know Baskara? - Have you met Baskara? - This is a friend of mine, Renata. - Baska this is Rena, my friend. - May I introduce our new member, Mr. Rafael Romero? - Please allow me to introduce our new District Manager. - Let me introduce you to Mr. Iskandar our Marketing Manager. Mr. Iskandar, this is Mr. Hermawan from Borneo Plantation Company.	- No, I don’t think so. - No, I haven’t. - Hi, glad to meet you. I’m Renata. - Hello, Renata. Pleased to meet you. - I’m glad to know you. - It’s nice to meet you. - How do you do? - How do you do? It’s very nice to meet you.

Read the text below.

Good afternoon, fellows. May I introduce myself? My name is Rafael Romero. Just call me Rafa. I was born in Mexico, but my parents moved to the USA when I was young, so I'm an American. I speak both English and Spanish. I come to Indonesia to learn about the culture because I like dancing traditional dances. I dream to be a professional dancer one day.

I live in Bantul, a small town southward Yogyakarta. I'm glad to know you all and hope that I can get help from you especially in speaking Indonesian. Thank you.

Answer the following questions based on the text above.
1. Who is introducing himself?
2. Where was he born?
3. Where do his parents live?
4. Does he speak Spanish?
5. What does he do in Indonesia?
6. Is he a student or a teacher?
7. Does he like dancing traditional or modern dances?
8. What does he want to be?
9. Where is Bantul located?
10. What does he expect from his new friends?

Listen to your

Unit 2

Order of adjectives

Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:

He was a nice intelligent young man.
She had a small round black wooden box.

Opinion adjectives:

Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:

good	bad	lovely	strange
beautiful	nice	brilliant	excellent
awful	important	wonderful	nasty

Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds of noun:

Food: tasty; delicious
Furniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortable
People, animals: clever; intelligent; friendly

We usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion:

Nice tasty soup.
A nasty uncomfortable armchair
A lovely intelligent animal

Usually we put an adjective that gives an opinion in front of an adjective that is descriptive:

a nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtains

We often have two adjectives in front of a noun:

a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog

Sometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual:

a nice handsome young man;
a big black American car;
that horrible big fierce dog

It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives.

Adjectives usually come in this order:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
General opinion	Specific opinion	Size	Shape	Age	Colour	Nationality	Material

We use some adjectives only after a link verb:

afraid	alive	alone	asleep
content	glad	ill	ready
sorry	sure	unable	well

Some of the commonest -ed adjectives are normally used only after a link verb:

annoyed; finished; bored; pleased; thrilled

We say:

Our teacher was ill.
My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.
The policeman seemed to be very annoyed

but we do not say:

We had an ~~ill~~ teacher.
When he heard the news he was ~~a very glad uncle~~
He seemed to be a ~~very annoyed policeman~~

A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun:

north
south
east
west

northern
southern
eastern
western

countless
occasional
lone

eventful
indoor
outdoor

We say:

He lives in the eastern district.
There were countless problems with the new machinery.

but we do not say:

~~The district he lives in is eastern~~
~~The problems with the new machinery were countless~~.

LIST OF ADJECTIVE

Colour

Grey : abu-abu Brown : cokelat Beige : abu-abu cokelat Light Green : hijau cerah Dark Green : hijau gelap Navy Blue : biru laut Turquoise : biru hijau (biru telur asin) Purple : ungu Black : hitam Hot Pink : merah mudah cerah Neon Green : hijau neon Silver : perak Gold : emas Red : merah Pink : merah muda Orange : jingga tua Yellow : kuning Green : hijau Blue : biru

Appearance	Appearance	Condition	Condition
adorable adventurous aggressive alert attractive average beautiful blue-eyed bloody blushing bright clean clear cloudy colorful crowded cute dark drab distinct dull elegant excited fancy filthy	glamorous gleaming gorgeous graceful grotesque handsome homely light long magnificent misty motionless muddy old-fashioned plain poised precious quaint shiny smoggy sparkling spotless stormy strange ugly ugliest unsightly unusual wide-eyed	alive annoying bad better beautiful brainy breakable busy careful cautious clever clumsy concerned crazy curious dead different difficult doubtful easy expensive famous fragile frail gifted helpful helpless horrible important	impossible inexpensive innocent inquisitive modern mushy odd open outstanding poor powerful prickly puzzled real rich shy sleepy stupid super talented tame tender tough uninterested vast wandering wild wrong
Feelings (Bad)	Feelings (Bad)	Feelings (Good)	Feelings (Good)
angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful bad bewildered black blue bored clumsy combative condemned confused crazy, flipped-out creepy cruel dangerous defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed dizzy dull embarrassed envious evil fierce foolish frantic frightened grieving	grumpy helpless homeless hungry hurt ill itchy jealous jittery lazy lonely mysterious nasty naughty nervous nutty obnoxious outrageous panicky repulsive scary selfish sore tense terrible testy thoughtless tired troubled upset uptight weary wicked worried	agreeable amused brave calm charming cheerful comfortable cooperative courageous delightful determined eager elated enchanting encouraging energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant fair faithful fantastic fine friendly funny gentle glorious good	happy healthy helpful hilarious jolly joyous kind lively lovely lucky nice obedient perfect pleasant proud relieved silly smiling splendid successful thankful thoughtful victorious vivacious witty wonderful zealous zany
Shape	Size	Sound	Time
broad chubby crooked curved deep flat high hollow low narrow round shallow skinny square steep straight wide	big colossal fat gigantic great huge immense large little mammoth massive miniature petite puny scrawny short small tall teeny teeny-tiny tiny	cooing deafening faint harsh high-pitched hissing hushed husky loud melodic moaning mute noisy purring quiet raspy resonant screeching shrill silent soft squealing thundering voiceless whispering	ancient brief Early fast late long modern old old-fashioned quick rapid short slow swift young
Taste/Touch	Taste/Touch	Touch	Quantity
bitter delicious fresh juicy ripe rotten salty sour spicy stale sticky strong sweet tart tasteless tasty thirsty fluttering fuzzy greasy grubby hard hot icy loose	melted nutritious plastic prickly rainy rough scattered shaggy shaky sharp shivering silky slimy slippery smooth soft solid steady sticky tender tight uneven weak wet wooden yummy	boiling breezy broken bumpy chilly cold cool creepy crooked cuddly curly damaged damp dirty dry dusty filthy flaky fluffy freezing hot warm wet	abundant empty few heavy light many numerous substantial

Colour

List of Countries, Nationalities and their Languages

Country	Nationality	Language
Afghanistan	Afghan	Persian - Pashto
Argentina	Argentine Argentinian	Spanish
Australia	Australian	English
Belgium	Belgian	French / Flemish
Bolivia	Bolivian	Spanish
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese
Cambodia	Cambodian	Cambodian
Cameroon	Cameroonian	French / English
Canada	Canadian	English / French
Chile	Chilean	Spanish
China	Chinese	Chinese
Colombia	Colombian	Spanish
Costa Rica	Costa Rican	Spanish
Cuba	Cuban	Spanish
Denmark	Danish (Dane)	Danish
Dominican Republic	Dominican	Spanish
Ecuador	Ecuadorian	Spanish
Egypt	Egyptian	Arabic
El Salvador	Salvadorian	Spanish
England	English	English
Estonia	Estonian	Estonian
Ethiopia	Ethiopian	Amharic
Finland	Finnish	Finnish
France	French	French
Germany	German	German
Ghana	Ghanaian	English
Greece	Greek	Greek
Guatemala	Guatemalan	Spanish
Haiti	Haitian	French / Creole
Honduras	Honduran	Spanish
Indonesia	Indonesian	Indonesian
Iran	Iranian	Persian
Ireland	Irish	Irish / English
Israel	Israeli	Hebrew
Italy	Italian	Italian
Japan	Japanese	Japanese
Jordan	Jordanian	Arabic
Kenya	Kenyan	Swahili
Korea	Korean	Korean
Laos	Laotian	Laotian
Latvia	Latvian	Latvian
Lithuania	Lithuanian	Lithuanian
Malaysia	Malaysian	Malay / Malaysian
Mexico	Mexican	Spanish
Morocco	Moroccan	Arabic / French
Netherlands	Dutch	Dutch
New Zealand	New Zealander	English / Maori
Nicaragua	Nicaraguan	Spanish
Norway	Norwegian	Norwegian
Panama	Panamanian	Spanish
Paraguay	Paraguayan	Spanish
Peru	Peruvian	Spanish
Philippines	Filipino	Tagalog / Filipino
Poland	Polish	Polish
Portugal	Portuguese	Portuguese
Puerto Rico	Puerto Rican	Spanish
Romania	Romanian	Romanian
Russia	Russian	Russian
Saudi Arabia	Saudi	Arabic
Spain	Spanish	Spanish
Sweden	Swedish	Swedish
Switzerland	Swiss	Swiss
Taiwan	Taiwanese	Chinese
Tajikistan	Tajik	Tajik (Persian)
Thailand	Thai	Thai
Turkey	Turkish	Turkish
Ukraine	Ukrainian	Ukrainian
United States	American *	English
Uruguay	Uruguayan	Spanish
Venezuela	Venezuelan	Spanish
Vietnam	Vietnamese	Vietnamese
Wales	Welsh	Welsh / English

Arrange the adjectives in the parentheses into
a good order of adjectives in series.
1. A : May I borrow your (triangular – plastic – long)
ruler?
B : Here you are.
A : Thanks.
2. A : Can I use your (curved – metal – big) hammer.
B : Yes, please.
A : Thank you.
3. A : Do you mind if I borrow your (Chinese – big – new)
motorcycle?
B : Not at all.
A : Thanks a lot.
4. A : Would you have dinner with me in (wooden –
comfortable – Javanese – old) restaurant?
B : With pleasure.
5. A : What kind of furniture does he want?
B : He wants (dark brown – cheap – wooden – old)
furniture.
6. A : Which gloves do you need?
B : I need (rubber – white – big) ones.
7. A : Can I borrow the hammer?
B : Which one?
A : (new – metal – heavy) one.

Arrange these words into a good sentence.
1. blue – the colour – the book – is – of
2. is – the English-Indonesian – very – dictionary – thick
3. leather – shoes – usually – made – are – of
4. of – are – spectacles – what – your – made – ?
5. does – from – where – come – she – ?
6. people – are – nationality – those – what – of – the – ?
7. laptop – this – a – useful – white – is – modern – light

Professions & Occupations

Below we have a list of different Professions and an explanation of what each person does in that profession.

Accountant - a person that works with the money and accounts of a company.

Actor /Actress - a person that acts in a play or a movie

Architect - a person that designs building and houses.

Astronomer - a person who studies the stars and the universe

Author - They write books or novels.

Baker - They make bread and cakes and normally work in a bakery.

Bricklayer - a person that helps to build houses using bricks.

Bus driver - a person that drives buses.

Butcher - a person that works with meat. They cut the meat and sell it in their shop.

Carpenter - a person that makes things from wood including houses and furniture.

Chef/Cook - a person that prepared food for others, often in a restaurant or café.

Cleaner - a person that cleans/tidies an area or place (such as in an office)

Dentist - a person that can fix problems you have with your teeth.

Designer - a person who has the job of designing things.

Doctor - a person you go to see when you are ill or have some type of health problem.

Dustman/Refuse collector - a person that collects trash/rubbish from bins in the street.

Electrician - a person that works with electric circuits.

Engineer - a person who develops solutions to technical problems. They sometimes design, build, or maintain engines, machines, structures or public works.

Factory worker - a person that works in a factory.

Farmer - a person that works on a farm, usually with animals.

Fireman/Fire fighter - a person that puts out fires.

Fisherman - a person that catches fish

Florist - a person that works with flowers.

Gardener - a person that keeps gardens clean and tidy. They take care of the plants in the garden.

Hairdresser - they cut your hair or give it a new style.

Journalist - a person that makes new reports in writing or through television.

Judge - a qualified person that decides cases in a law court.

Lawyer - a person that defends people in court and gives legal advice.

Lecturer - a person that gives lectures, usually in a university.

Librarian - a person that works in a library.

Lifeguard - a person that saves lives where people swim (at a beach or swimming pool).

Mechanic - a person that repairs machines, especially car motors.

Model - a (usually attractive) person that works in fashion, modeling clothes and accessories.

Newsreader - a person that reads the news, normally on television.

Nurse - a person trained to help a doctor look after the sick or injured.

Optician - a person that checks your eyes and try and correct any problems with your sight.

Painter - a person that paints pictures or the interior and exterior of buildings.

Pharmacist - a qualified person that works with and dispenses medicine.

Photographer - a person that takes photos.

Pilot - a person who flies a plane.

Plumber - a person that repairs your water systems or pipes.

Politician - a person who works in politics.

Policeman/Policewoman - a member of the police force. They (try and) prevent crime.

Postman - a person that delivers mail to your house.

Real estate agent - a person that makes money from selling land for development.

Receptionist - a person that is at the reception (entrance) of a company.

Scientist - a person that works in the science industry. They do many experiments.

Secretary - a person employed in an office who types letters, keeps records etc.

Shop assistant - a person that works in a shop or store selling products.

Soldier - a person who works for the army.

Tailor - a person that makes clothes for others, many times producing exclusive items of clothing.

Taxi driver - a person who drives a taxi.

Teacher - a person that passes knowledge to students, usually at school.

Translator - a person that translates from one language to another.

Traffic warden - a person that patrols areas to check that people do not park in the wrong place.

Travel agent - a person that organises and sells holidays and flights for others.

Veterinary doctor (Vet) - a qualified person that looks after sick animals.

Waiter/Waitress - a person that works in a food outlet, looking after customers and serving food.

Window cleaner - a person that cleans windows, normally the windows of big buildings.

Practice the conversation.
Abdullah Zaky and Haritsa are a new couple. They have
just got married for about three months. They are looking
for a house. They are in a real estate agent now having a
conversation with an agent.
Agent : Good morning Mr. and Mrs. . . .?
Zaky : Zaky. Abdullah Zaky.
Agent : Right, Mr. and Mrs. Zaky. Welcome to Gebyar
Pesona Real Estate. I’m Fatih Hamzah. Can I help you?
Zaky : Yes. We’ve just got married and are looking for a
house, a house which is not so big and not so small.
Ehm . . . medium, I mean.
Agent : Ah yes, you’re very lucky, Mr. and Mrs. Zaky. We
have what you want, a medium house. Here is the picture.
Haritsa : It looks beautiful.
Agent : It does, Mrs. Zaky.
Haritsa : How many rooms does it have?
Agent : There are six rooms. One living room, one bathroom, two bedrooms, one kitchen, and one garage.

Haritsa : Where’s the kitchen?
Agent : Well, here’s the kitchen.
Haritsa : Hmm . . . it’s very small.
Agent : Yes, it isn’t big. But there’s a cooker and a fridge. There are some cupboards under the sink. The tiles are square.
Haritsa : Are there any plates?
Agent : Yes, there are some circular and some oval plates in the cupboard.
Zaky : Very good. What about the chairs? Are there any?
Agent : Yes, but they are in the living room, four wooden chairs and one wooden table.
Haritsa : But there aren’t any glasses.
Agent : Yes, there are twelve in the cupboard. Conical glasses.
Zaky : And . . . is there a television in the living room?
Agent : Yes, a big, colour television.
Zaky : What colour are the walls?
Agent : Blue outside and white inside.
Zaky : And what about the yard? I mean, how large is the yard?
Agent : The front yard is large enough but the back yard is not so large.
Zaky : And the garage?
Agent : The garage is enough for one car and one motorcycle.
Zaky : What do you think, honey? Can we take this house?
Haritsa : I think it very good. We can take it.
Zaky : OK, Mr. Hamzah, before we take this house, may I know how much it is?
Agent : It’s not expensive, Mr. Zaki, only seventy five million rupiahs. You can pay by installments, twenty five million as the down payment and ten million a month within five months.
Zaky : I agree.
Agent : Very good, Mr. Zaky. And if you don’t mind, can I know where you are from and what you are?
Zaky : I’m from Semarang and my wife is from Bandung. I’m a businessman and she’s a dentist.
Agent : Thank you very much, Mr. Zaky. Would you please fill in this form?
Zaky : All right.

Answer these questions.
1. How long have Zaky and Haritsa been married?
2. What kind of house do they want?
3. Does the agent have such a house?
4. Is the house beautiful?
5. How many bedrooms are there in that house?
6. How big is the kitchen?
7. What things are there in the kitchen?
8. What shape are the tiles?
9. What shape are the plates?
10. Are there any chairs in the kitchen?
11. What kind of chairs are they?
12. Are the glasses cylindrical or are they conical?
13. Is the television big or small?
14. Is it a black – white television?
15. What colour are the walls?
16. Which yard is large enough and which yard is not so large?
17. Is the garage wide enough?
18. Where is Zaky from?
19. Where does Haritsa come from?
20. What are Zaky and Haritsa?

Read this passage carefully.

Pratama is a 26 year single man. He comes from Magelang, Central Java. He has just graduated from Law Department of a state university in Semarang. Now he works in a great insurance company in Jakarta. One of his hobbies is traveling. He has visited many regions in Indonesia, such as North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Ujung Kulon, Yogyakarta, Bali, Lombok, North Sulawesi, etc. He also likes watching football matches with a friend in a stadium in his free time. His great dream is visiting Mecca in Saudi Arabia to do the pilgrimage. He hopes that next year his dream will come true. Pratama loves pets. He has three cute cats at home. He loves them very much. He always keeps the cats well by giving them the best food.
Other things that Pratama likes to do are getting up early
in the morning and going to bed early at night.

Answer the questions based on the pastage above.
1. Has Pratama got married?
2. Where did he graduate from?
3. Did he study law in Semarang or in Magelang?

4. Where does he work now?
5. Does he have one hobby or more than one hobby?
6. When does he usually watch football matches?
7. What does he really want to do next year?
8. What pets does he have at home, dogs or cats?
9. How does he keep his pets?
10. Does he hate getting up early in the morning?

A. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

	Questions	Answer
Colours	1 . What colour is your shirt? 2. What colour are your eyes?	1 . It’s blue. 2. They’re black.
Qualities	1 . What’s the quality of your watch? 2. What’s the quality of this picture?	1 . It’s good. 2. I t’s bad.
Size	1 . How big is your house? 2. What size are your shoes?	1 . It’s very big. 2. They are medium.
Shape	1 . What shapes is the earth? 2. What shape are the tiles?	1 . It’s round. 2. They’re square.
Materials	1 . What is a spanner made of? 2. What are your shoes made of?	1 . It’s made of steel. 2. They’re made of leather.
Origin and Nationalities	1 . a. Where are you from? b. Where do you come from? 2. a. What nationality are you? b. What is your nationality? 3. a. Where’s he from? b. Where does he come from? 4. a. What nationality is he? b. What is his nationality? 5. a. Where are they from? b. Where do they come from? 6. a. What nationality are they? b. What is their nationality?	1 . a. I’m from Indonesia. b. I come from Indonesia. 2. I’m Indonesian. 3. a. He’s from Vietnam. b. He comes from Vietnam. 4. He’s Vietnamese. 5. a. They’re from Iraq. b. They come from Iraq. 6. They’re Iraqi.
	1 . a. What’s your job? b. What’s your profession? c. What’s your occupation? d. What are you? e. What do you do? 2. a. What’s her job? b. What’s her profession? c. What’s her occupation? d. What is she? e. What does she do? 3. a. What are their jobs? b. What are their professions? c. What are their occupations? d. What are they? e. What do they do?	1 . I am a teacher. 2. She’s a secretary. 3. They’re farmers.

UNIT 3

Listen to your teacher and practice this conversation.
Alya has just graduated from her vocational school in her town. Now she is having an interview to get a job in an international company in Jakarta.
Alya : Good morning, sir. May I sit down?
Interviewer : Oh, yes. Please.
Alya : Thank you, sir.
Interviewer : Are you ready for the interview?
Alya : Yes, sir.
Interviewer : Good. Let’s start from your name. What’s your full name?
Alya : My full name is Prialaya Mahardika Dewi.
Interviewer : And your first name?
Alya : My first name is Alya.
Interviewer : Where are you from, Alya?
Alya : I am from Purwokerto, Central Java, sir.
Interviewer : Where do you live in Jakarta.
Alya : I live with my uncle in Depok, not in Jakarta.
Interviewer : I see. What’s your uncle’s address?
Alya : Jalan Kelapa Dua number forty-five Depok.
Interviewer : Where and when were you born, Alya?
Alya : I was born in Purwokerto, on the twenty-eighth of February nineteen ninety.
Interviewer : How many siblings do you have?
Alya : I have one brother and two sisters. I am the second child in my family.

Interviewer : What are your parents?
Alya : My father is a teacher in Purwokerto and my mother is a nurse, also in Purwokerto.
Interviewer : Does your uncle in Depok has a telephone? Alya : Yes. His number is 021 5466 388.
Interviewer : What’s your phone number?
Alya : My number is 081 325 114 243.
Interviewer : What are your skills?
Alya : I can make programs on a computer and I have a TOEIC Certificate. My score is 750.
Interviewer : Very good. Do you really want to work in this company?
Alya : Yes, sir, I do.
Interviewer : OK, I have seen your application. Next week, on Monday, September the eighth, please come here again to see the announcement whether you are accepted or not.
Alya : Thank you, sir. Can I leave now?
Interviewer : Yes, and please ask another applicant to come in.
Alya : All right, sir. Good bye.
Interviewer : Good bye.

Answer these questions.
1. What is Alya doing now?
2. Where does she come from?
3. When was she born?
4. Does she live with her parents or with her uncle?

5. Is she the only girl in her family?
6. What is her father?
7. What does her mother do?
8. What is her telephone number?
9. Is she very good at English?
10. When should she see the announcement?

Unit 4

Listen to your teacher and practice these dialogues aloud in pairs.
1. In a classroom
Edo : Good morning, sir.
Mr. Kuncoro : Morning, Edo.
Edo : I would like to apologize for being late to class.
Mr. Kuncoro : Why do you come late?
Edo : My motorbike had a flat tyre on the way to school.
Mr. Kuncoro : It’s OK this time. Please be on time in the future.
Edo : Yes, I will. Thank you, sir.
2. In a meeting.
Manager : We’re sorry to have the meeting here. We know that it’s not comfortable here, but we have no choice. The meeting room is being renovated.
Guest : That’s all right, we completely understand .
Manager : Thank you.
3. In classroom
Lisa : Sorry, I forgot to bring your magazine back.
Ani : No problem, I have finished reading it and you may give it back to me next time.
Lisa : Thanks.
4. At school.
Iwan : I saw someone pick you up at school yesterday. Who was he?
Adi : Oh, he’s my uncle. He told me that my mother had just passed away. Then he asked me to
go home.
Iwan : I’m sorry to hear that, please accept my condolence.
Adi : Thanks.

Practice this dialogue with your partner.
Read this dialogue and answer the questions below.
Randy : Hello, Randy’s speaking. Can I speak to Marni?
Marni : Yes, it’s me, Randy. Did you get home all right last night?
Randy : Yes, thank you. I just want to apologize for the incident last night.
Marni : Please don’t mention it. It doesn’t matter.
Randy : But I broke a decorating pitcher in your house. It must be expensive. Wasn’t your mother angry?
Marni : Forget it. You did it accidentally.
Randy : Yes, but …
Marni : Look. It’s nothing. I was a bit annoyed last night, but I’m all right now. So, forget it.
Randy : Marni, let me buy another pitcher …
Marni : No, Randy. Listen to me, you did it accidentally. I don’t want to hear about it anymore.
Randy : All right. I’m terribly sorry about that.
Marni : It’s all right.

Answer the questions based on the dialogue above.
1. Where does the conversation take place?
2. Why does Randy call Marni?
3. Did Randy break the property deliberately?
4. Does he regret for what he did?
5. Does Marni accept his apology?
6. What did Marni feel last night?
7. Will Randy buy another pitcher next day?
8. Mention the two expressions to apologize stated in the dialogue!

Read this dialogues. Find words related to feeling and underline them.
1. In a job interview.
Bram : Look at the one who is being interviewed. He is very confident in answering all the questions. I think he has a job experience before this.
Joni : Maybe you’re right. The way he appears and he acts shows that he has a lot of job experience. By the way, how is your feeling now?
Bram : To tell the truth, I’m very nervous and worried that I will fail in this interview. You see, I haven’t had a job experience at all.
Joni : So am I. Seeing a confident man like him makes me down. I feel that my performance is much worse than his.
Bram : Anyway, feeling pessimistic won’t help us now. So, be optimistic!
Joni : Good idea!
2. In a restaurant.
Indah : What do you think of the service in the restaurant last Sunday?
Galang : I was satisfied with the service. The food was delicious and I was impressed by the waitresses.
Indah : How come?
Galang : They are not only friendly, but also pretty.
Indah : Ummph! That’s just like a man!

Listen to your teacher and practice these dialogues in pairs.
1. In a classroom, the students are doing mathematic task.
Student : Excuse me, Sir. I wonder if I could work in pairs to do this task.
Teacher : Sorry, but it’s an individual task. You must do yourself.
Student : All right, but may ask a question?
Teacher : What it is about?
Student : What formula should I use for number 3?
Teacher : Sorry, but you have to think it yourself.
2. In a waiting room.
Man : I’m getting nervous. Is it all right if I smoke?
Woman : I’d rather you didn’t. I feel dizzy when people smoke around me.
Man : Well, I’ll walk around for a moment then.
3. In a classroom.
Hasan : Do you have a pencil?
Erni : Yes.
Hasan : May I borrow it, please?
Erni : Of course, but don’t forget to return it to me.
Hasan : Yes, I’ll use it for a moment.

Read the following story.

I was on a train the other day, traveling from Jakarta to Surabaya. I was sitting a half-full compartment, and wanted to read the last chapter of Agatha Christie’s “The Orient Express”. Suddenly, a woman came in and said. “Excuse me. Is this seat taken?”. “No”, I answered briefly. Usually I like to talk with people, but not this time. I wanted to finish reading the book and find out who the murderer was. “Do you mind if I smoke?” said the woman. At first I wanted to say, “Well, I feel sick when people smoke. Can you find another seat?”. But of course, I smiled a charming smile and said, “Yes, certainly”. I still have not finished that last chapter and still don’t know who the murderer was. You see, I am unfortunately one of those people who find it difficult to say “No” to expressions like “May I …”, “Do you mind if I …”, or “Is it alright if I …”. The trouble is that when I hear those magic words, I just don’t have the courage to refuse. Well, what do you say to those difficult questions?
(adapted from Gateway2; English for Communication, 1990)

Answer the questions based on the story above.
1. Was the writer having a trip by a public transportation?
2. Did he talk much with the woman?
3. Did he refuse permission to sit for the woman?
4. Do you think the writer was friendly enough?
5. Was Agatha Christie a train passenger or a book author?
6. Did the writer like or hate smoking?
7. Where did the writer want to go?
8. What did the woman ask the second permission for?

Listen to your teacher and practice these dialogues in pairs.
1. John and Martha are riding motorbike to school.
Martha : John, don’t drive too fast.
John : I’m sorry but we must get to school on time. Otherwise we’ll get a punishment.
Martha : Yes, I know, but it’s dangerous. The traffic is too heavy.
John : Don’t worry! Just hold the side handles tightly and you will be safe. Martha : OK, … Watch out! Oh my god! You almost hit another motorbike.
John : Calm down. You’re making me nervous.
2. At the front door of an office.
Toni: Would you mind helping me for a minute, please?
Abadi : Of course, what do you want me to do?
Toni : Could you hold this package while I look for the key to the door?
Abadi : I’d be glad to. What’s in this package? It’s extremely heavy.
Toni : It’s just office stationeries for our activities.
Abadi : Well, hurry up and open the door. I told you this thing was very heavy.
Toni : I can’t find the key. You must have it.
Abadi : You’re right, but how can I get the key while I’m holding this big package?

Read the following story.

Hendra’s parents were spending two nights in out of town. They left Hendra a note telling to do many things. He must water the plants every afternoon. He must wash his and his sister’s clothes and iron the school uniform. At night, he must not forget to turn on the lights. His parents also told him to lock the doors at the bed time. He must pay the the newspaper boy on Sunday morning, and he may not buy a new magazine. They wanted him to pick them up at the station on Sunday at 3:00 p.m. He must not come later than 3:15p.m.

Answer these questions based on the story above.
1. How long were Hendra’s parents going away?
2. How did they request Hendra to do some jobs?
3. What must he do at night?
4. When must he lock the doors?
5. Where would he pick his parents up?

Listen to your teacher and practice these dialogues in pairs.
1. At home.
Mr. Hermawan : What’s the matter with you, Honey?
Mrs. Hermawan : I’ve got a cold, I think. I’ve been sneezing all day since I woke up.
Mr. Hermawan : Shall I call a doctor?
Mrs. Hermawan : Oh, no, it’s not bad enough for that. I don’t need the doctor.
Mr. Hermawan : Well, how about an aspirin? Shall I get you an aspirin?
Mrs. Hermawan : No, thanks. I don’t like taking medicine. 2. At home.
Lusi : Are you cold, Mom? You are trembling. Would you like me to close the window?
Mrs. Hermawan : No, thank you. I’ll close it later.
Lusi : OK. Would you like a hot orange juice to warm your body?
Mrs. Hermawan : Oh yes, I’d love to.
(after a while…)
Lusi : Here is the juice Mom. Would you like me to bring you a blanket?
Mrs. Hermawan : No. I’m feeling much better now. The orange juice is very good.

Practice this dialogue with your partner.
Grace : Harry, what shall we do this afternoon?
Harry : Do?
Grace : Yes, what shall we do? To celebrate.
Harry : We… we…
Grace : To celebrate our wedding anniversary.
Harry : Oh yes.
Grace : Shall we go and see a film?
Harry : A film?
Grace : Yes, shall we go to the cinema?
Harry : Er… no… I don’t like the cinema.
Grace : Shall we go to a restaurant?
Harry : Er… no, no, no. We can eat at home.
Grace : Shall we go to a concert?
Harry : There’s a lot of good music on the radio.
Grace : Well, shall we go out by car?
Harry : Think of the price of petrol!
Grace : Shall we go for a walk? That’s free.
Harry : No. I’m too tired to go for a walk.
Grace : Well, shall we stay at home?
Harry : Stay at home?
Grace : Yes, shall we stay at home?
Harry : On our anniversary! Stay at home on our anniversary! Why don’t we go out and enjoy ourselves.
Grace : Harry…

Plural and Singular nouns

1. Singular Noun
Ketika benda itu hanya satu, maka benda itu singular atau tunggal. misalnya; a boy. a girl, a book, the pen.
Jika kata benda tersebut singular, maka di dalam kalimat harus memakai article "a, an, atau the" atau di masukan kata "one". misalnya: a book, an apple, one book, one pencil, the table.

2. Plural Noun
Jika benda tersebut lebih dari satu maka benda tersebut di katakan Plural atau jamak. misalnya; boys, 2 books, the pens.
Di dalam bahasa Inggris, jika ingin merubah benda dari Singular ke Plural ada beberapa aturan;
a. Dengan menambah "s"
Misalnya: "book" menjadi "books"
                    "pen"   menjadi "pens"
                    "boy"   menjadi "boys"
b. Dengan menambah "es"
Jika kata benda tersebut diakhiri dengan hufur "s, z, X, sh, dan ch" maka bentuk jamaknya di tambah   dengan "es".
Contoh: dish             dishes
            watch          watches
            buzz            buzzes
            box             boxes
3. Kata benda yang huruf terakhirnya "y" dan di dahului oleh konsonan maka cara membentuknya menjadi jamak adalah dengan merubah "y" menjadi "ies".
contoh: lady           ladies
            city            cities
            army          armies
catatan:
jika kata benda yang berakhiran "y" dan di dahului oleh huruf vokal maka tinggal menambahkan "s" saja, dan jangan merubah "y" menjadi "ies".
Contoh: boy            boys
            day            days
4. Kata benda yang huruf terakhirnya "f" atau "fe", maka dirubah menaji "ves".
contoh: leaf            leaves
           wife           wives
           knife          knives
           wolf          wolves
           proof         prooves
catatan: tetapi ada beberapa kata benda yang berakhiran "f'

dan kita bisa dengan hanya menambahkan "s" saja. misalnya;
          chief             cheifs
          grief         griefs
          hoof         hoofs
          roof         roofs
          mischief       mischiefs
          kerchief       kerchiefs

5. Irregular Plurals
Irregular plurals berarti kata benda yang singgular dan dalam

bentuk pluralnya tidak ditambah "s" atau "es". misalnya;
         man             men
         woman        women
         foot             feet
         mouse         mice
         child           children
         louse           lice
         goose         geese
         ox              oxen
         tooth          teeth
ada beberapa kata benda yang tidak ada bentuk jamaknya.

kata-kata benda tersebut adalah;
scissors, oats, tongs, dregs, trousers, pinchers, bellows,

shears, mumps, victuals, tweezers, measles.

Countable Nouns dan Uncountable Nouns

Pengetahuan tentang Countable dan Uncountable nouns sangat penting.

Berikut ini penjelasannya dan disimak baik-baik ya..

1. Countable Nouns (Benda yang dapat dihitung)

Benda tersebut bisa dihitung secara langsung, misalnya ‘pen”.
Kita bisa mengatakan 1 pen, 2 pens, 3 pens.
Benda tersebut dapat dibuat jamak atau menjadi plural noun.
Dapat ditambahkan artikel "a" ataupun "an".

Contoh Countable Nouns:

Pen Book Table Chair Pencil, dst.

Kata “pen” bisa kita katakan “a pen” (singular) dan juga bisa dirubah

menjadi “pens” (plural). Bila countable noun tersebut singular, maka

harus memakai artikel “a/an/the”.

Contoh:

~~I have pen.~~

I have a pen.

~~My mother has apple.~~

My mother has an apple.

~~They have book.~~

They have one book.

2. Uncountable Nouns (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung)

Benda yang tidak dapat dihitung mempunyai ciri2 antara lain:

Benda yang tidak dapat dihitung tidak bisa kita hitung

secara langsung. Misalanya “water”, tidak bisa menjadi “1 water, 2 water, 3 water’

Biasanya benda ini tidak bisa dibuat jamak.
Tidak bisa di tambahkan artikel “a” ataupun “an”.

Contoh Uncountable Nouns:

Water (air) Salt (garam) Sugar (gula)
Oil (minyak) Sand (pasir) Pepper (merica)

Determiners

Determiners adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan/memperjelas/menjelaskan kata benda.
Ada banyak macam determiners, antara lain:
1. Artikel (a, an, dan the)
2. Demonsttrative (this, these, that, those, etc)
3. Possessives , misalnya: my, your, her, his, their, our, its, my parents', whose, dll.
4. Quantifier: A few, a little, much, many, some, any, each, every, dll.
5. Number/angka: one, two, three, dll.
6. Ordinal number/bilangan bertingkat: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, dll.

Artikel A dan AN

Dalam bahasa Inggris, artikel A dan AN di sebut juga Indefinete Article. Sebagai article, ‘ a ‘ dan ‘ an ‘ bisa berarti sesuatu/sebuah/seekor/seorang dst. Arti dari artikel tersebut tergantung pada kata benda sesudaahnya.

an apple = sebuah apel

a lady = seorang wanita

a cat = seekor kucing

a leaf = sehelai daun, dst.

an hour = sejam (satu jam)

Penggunaan A dan AN

Perlu diingat bahwa artikel a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), dan tidak boleh diikuti secara langsung oleh uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung).

Contoh:
~~I am looking for a sugar.~~

~~She has a water~~.

~~My father need a salt.~~

Kita ketahui bahwa sugar, water dan salt adalah uncountable noun,maka kalaimat-kalimat di atas salah jika kita meletakan artikel sebelum kata benda tersebut. Kalimat yang benar adalah:

I am looking for sugar.

She has water.

My brothers need salt.

Telah disebutkan di atas bahwa artikel A dan AN disebut juga Indefinite Article. Indefinite berarti sesuatu yang tidak tentu/sesuatu yang tidak pasti, dengan kata lain masih umum dan belum spesifik.

Contoh:

I have a book at home. (saya mempunyai sebuah buku di rumah)

jika anda mengatakan “a book” berarti lawan bicara anda tidak mengetahui buku apa yang anda punya, karena pastinya banyak jenis buku di rumah anda. Berarti makna yang bisa diambil adalah masih bersifat umum, belum spesifik buku apa dan buku yang mana yang anda maksud.

Kesimpulan:

Article	Meaning (makna)	Pemakaian
A atau An	General idea (bermakna umum dan tidak spesifik)	1. Di gunakan ketika benda tersebut ada banyak, dan anda tidak mengetahui benda yang mana yang di maksud dan tentunya benda yg di maksud tersebut hanya satu/tunggal tetapi anda tidak mengetahui yang mana benda tersebut. Contoh: Andy will bring a book tomorrow (Andy akan membawa sebuah buku besok). Pada contoh ini kita mengetahui bahwa Andy akan membawa sebuah buku, dan kita tidak mengetahu sebuah buku yang mana yang akan dia bawa. 2. Digunakan ketika benda tersebut banyak (ada banyak benda) dan anda tidak peduli benda yang mana yang anda maksud. (hehe agak bingung ya.. perhatikan contoh di bawah ini untuk memahaminya!) Contoh: An Artist must have good behavior. (Seorang artis harus mempunya tingkah laku yang baik). Pada contoh ini kita hanya menyebutkan “an artist” berarti hanya “satu artis”, dan kita ketahui di dunia ini ada banyak artis, dan anda hanya menyebutkan “an artist” karena anda tidak peduli artis yang mana yang anda maksud. Kembali lagi ke makna artikelnya yang tidak spesifik atau masih general (umum).

2. Perbedaan pemakain A dan AN

A dan AN
AN	AN digunakan di depan kata benda tunggal yang dimulai dengan huruf/bunyi vocal (a,i,u,e,o)
A	A digunakan di depan kata benda tunggal yang dimulai dengan huruf atau bunyi konsonan.
Hati-hati dengan kata benda tunggal yang dimulai dengan huruh “H” dan “U”

Penjelasan;

A digunakan di depan kata-kata yang dimulai dan berbunyi huruf konsonan,

seperti b, c, d, g, p,dst.

Contoh: a book, a chair, a table.

An digunakan di depan kata-kata yang dimulai dengan huruf/bunyi vokal

seperti a, e, i, o, atau u. Misalnya: an apple, an orange, an egg, an umbrella.

An juga bisa digunakan di depan kata-kata yang dimulai dengan huruf “h”

tetapi huruf “h” tersebut berbunyi “a” misalnya : kata “hour, honest dll”

jadi kita tidak boleh membuat “a hour” tetapi “an hour” yang artinya

“sejam”, “an honest man” bukan “a honest man” yang artinya “seorang

laki-laki yang jujur”.

Selain “h”, “u” juga perlu diperhatikan, walau huruf pertama dari

kata tersebut “u” tatapi tidak selalu menggunakan artikel “an”.

Jika “u” pada kata tersbut tidak berbunyi vocal melainkan konsonan

maka artikelnya adalah “a”.

Contoh: “a university” bukan “an university”

Karena “u” pada kata tersebut berbunyi “Ju:” berbeda dengan

“umbrella” yang berbunyi “^m’brelə” oleh karena itu kita harus

menggunakan “an” yaitu mennjadi “an umbrella”.

II. Artikel THE

Artikel THE dalam bahasa Inggris disebut juga DEFINITE Article. Definite berarti pasti/tentu/jelas. Artikel ini digunakan untuk sesuatu yang khusus atau spesifik.

Contoh: open the door!

Cut the cake!

I love the girl.

Pada contoh kalimat di atas, artikel THE menunjukan bahwa benda itu spesifik, baik pembicara dan lawan bicara sudah mengetahui benda yang di maksud. Jika mengatakan “close the door!” berarti pembicara dan lawan bicara sudah mengetahui pintu yang mana yang harus ditutup. “cut the cake!” berarti sudah mengetahui kue mana yang harus dipotong.

Catatan: Artikel THE juga bisa diletakan sebelum kata benda jamak (Plural nouns), misalnya: The students, the books, the cars.

III. Zero Article

Zero article umum digunakan apabila sesuatu tidak bisa dibedakan apakah termasuk definit (pasti) atau indefinit (tidak tentu), dengan kata lain zero artikel adalah peniadaan artikel sebelum kata benda tersebut.

Zero article digunakan di depan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung. Misalnya:

I like monkeys. ~~I like a monkeys.~~
Stars are beautiful. ~~A stars are beautiful.~~

Zero article digunakan di depan kata benda tunggal yang tidak dapat dihitung. Misalnya:

I like juice. ~~I like a juice~~
English is fun. ~~The English is fun~~

Zero article digunakan di depan kata benda khusus/diri (proper noun). Misalnya:

My name is Tom. ~~My name is a Tom~~.
I Live in Indonesia. ~~I Live in a Indonesia~~.

Verbs

Good morning, Do you know what time it is? It's 01:45AM now. I went to bed early.... I do not know why I get up and it's hard to sleep again. I decided to make this document...Now, The topic is about verbs. This topic has so many branches because there are so many kinds of verb. But the main point is you must know what verbs are after reading this document.
Verbs/kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris itu banyak sekali ada ribuan bahkan jutaan. Dari sekian banyak verb tersebut, untuk lebih mudah memahaminya, mereka dibagi menjadi berberapa jenis, yaitu:

1. Transitive and intransitive verbs
2. Linking verbs
3. Dynamic and stative verb.
4. Regular dan Irregular verbs.
5. Helping verbs
Untuk helping verb dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu: Primary helping verbs dan modal helping verbs.
Untuk lebih jelasnya saya akan menjelaskan satu persatu.

A. Transitive and Intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs
Kata kerja Transitive adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan objek. Misalnya: "find". Jika kita membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan kata "find" maka kita memerlukan objek, jika kita tidak memasukan objek setelah kata "find" maka makna kalimat itu akan rancu. "I find...". Jika tidak memakai objek, lawan bicara akan bertanya "menemukan/mendapatkan apa?" oleh karena itu perlu objek agar jelas, misalnya: I find much money on the street. (Saya menemukan banyak uang di jalan). Menemukan apa? banyak uang. Dari penjelasan singkat ini semoga teman2 paham apa itu transitive verbs.
Berikut ini daftar kata kerja transitive:
send, contain, verify, asses, saw, watch, speak, hear, give, try, push, etc. (teman-teman bisa tambah sendiri contoh-contohnya)
Intransitive verbs
Kata kerja intransitive adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek secara langsung. Contoh: dance, get up, wake up, have dinner/lunch/breakfast, go, arrive, etc.
B. Linking verbs
Linking verbs adalah verba penghubung yang menghubungkan subjek dengan complement (pelengkap) yang menerangkannya, bisa noun complement atau adjective complement. Sering digunakan untuk menggantikan to be dan dipakai untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan panca indra (look, sound, smell, feel, taste) atau keadaan (appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain, keep, stay, go, run). Linking verbs juga dikenal dengan istilah copulas atau copular verbs.
Contoh dalam kalimat:
- I feel happy.       - I keep health.     - The soup smells good.
- This food tastes delicious.               - She looks very beautiful. - The music sounds slow.
- He becomes old.                - The traffic lights turned green and I pulled away.
- He became recognized as the leading authority on the subject.              - His face turned purple.
- She became older.                             - The dogs ran wild.
- The milk has gone sour. - The crowd grew ugly. Linking verbs selalu intransitive (tetapi tidak semua intransitive verbs adalah linking verbs).
To be juga disebut linking verbs, seperti pada contoh berikut ini:
- The crew’s mission is to create the best topographic map of Earth.
- The solution was judges who would mete out longer prison sentences. - Leonardo said, “I am the king of the world.”
Tetapi to be juga tidak selalu berperan sebagai linking verbs, contoh:
- Nyoko was crossing a bridge when the earthquake hit. - Margaret Ann was feeling tired.
C. Dynamic dan stative verbs
Beberapa kata kerja adalah kata kerja yang berupa aktifitas yang dapat dilihat secara nyata dan tidak abstrak, nah...kata kerja itu disebut juga dynamic verb. misalnya. Watch (nonton), sweep (menyapu), eat (makan), sing (bernyanyi),etc. Ada kata kerja yang tidak berupa aktifitas tetapi ia termsuk kata kerja, maksudnya di sini adalah kata kerja tersebut abstrak/tidak bisa dilihat oleh pancaindra akan tetapi bisa dirasa dan mereka adalah stative verbs Misalnya: Love, like, belong to, see, hear, sound, consist of, need, include, resemble, seem, wish, prefer, be, impress, etc. (untuk artinya cari di kamus ya..)
D. Regular and Irrigular verb
Jenis kata kerja ini paling gampang untuk dipahami, tinggal buka kamus di rumah. Biasanya ada di bagian akhir atau di bagian tengah kamus tersebut ada daftar kata kerja regular dan irregular. Silahkan cek sendiri. Yang terpenting adalah, jika kata kerja tersebut regular, berarti dari bentuk 1 ke bentuk 2 dan 3 tinggal menambahkan "d/ed". Tetapi jika kata kerja tersebut irregular perubahan bentuknya tidak teratur, terkadang dari bentuk 2 ke 3 itu berbeda dan bahkan ada yang sama. Pada punya kamus bukan, cek sendiri ya...
E. Helping verbs
Helping verbs dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu modal helping verbs dan primary helping verb
Modal helping verbs
Nama lain dari modal helping verbs adalah modal auxiliary verb. Mereka antara lain:
will/would, shall/should, can/could, must/might, have to dan has to/had to, ought to.
Perlu diingat bahwa jika kita ingin memasukan kata kerja setelah modal ini, haruslah kata kerja bentuk 1 (dalam kalimat aktif). Jika dalam kalimat (passive) tambah saja "be" lalu masukan kata kerja bentuk ke 3.

Contoh:
I have to eat the candy. (aktif)
The candy has to be eaten by me. (pasif)
She can sing the song.(aktif)
The song can be sung by her.(pasif)
Primary helping verbs
Mereka adalah:
be (is, am, are, was, were, been), do, dan have.
Ingat bahwa be, do, have/has bisa berfungsi sebagai kata kerja utama dan juga kata kerja bantu.
Contoh:
I am a student. ("am" di sini sebagai kata kerja utama)
I am sitting. ("am" di sini sebagai kata kerja bantu.)
I do my homework. ("do" di sini sebagai kata kerja utama)
I do not understand. ("do" di sini sebagai kata kerja bantu)
I have a car. ("have" di sini sebagai kata kerja utama)
I have lived in Jambi since 1990. (have di sini sebagai kata keja bantu.)
Note:
be sebagai kata kerja bantu dipakai pada present/past continuous tense tense dan dalam kalimat passive, Have/Has sebagai kata kerja bantu dipakai dalam present pefect tense. Do/does sebagai kata kerja bantu dipakai dalam simple present tense kalimat tanya dan negatif.

How to Tell the Time

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada banyak cara untuk menyampaikan waktu/jam. Berikut ini cara-cara menyampaikan waktu dalam bahasa Inggris:

1. Dengan cara mengucapkan jam terlebih dahulu baru diikuti dengan menitnya
cara ini merupakan cara yang paling mudah.Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini!
5:10 - Five Ten 6: 30 - Six Thirty 8: 45 - Eight forty-five
Untuk bilangan 0-09, kita bisa mengucapkannya dengan 'oh' misalnya: 4:04 - Four (oh) four.

2. Dengan cara mengucapkan menitnya terlebih dahulu kemudian baru jamnya
Dengan cara ini, kita menggunakan past jika menitnya 01-30
Contoh:
4:10 - Ten past four (jam 4 lewat 10 menit)

7:20 - Twenty past seven (Jam tujuh lewat dua puluh menit)
11: 25 - Twenty five past eleven (jam 11 lewat 25 menit)
Gunakan to untuk menit 31-59
Contoh:
4: 35 - twenty five to 5 (jam 5 kurang 25 menit)         7: 50 - Ten to eight (jam 8 kurang 10)
10: 40 - Twenty to eleven (jam 11 kurang 20)
Dalam bahasa Inggris 30 menit = half, 15 menit = a quarter
Contoh:
1: 15 - a quarter past one   4: 30 - half past four
3:45 - a quarter to four       6:30 - half past six              7:45 - a quarter to eight

Note: Dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika, kata "after" sering dipakai untuk menggantikan kata "past".
misalnya, 7:15 (a quarter after seven), 5:10 (ten after five), 7:30 ( half after seven). Kata "to" dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika juga sering diganti dengan kata "before/of". Misalnya: 5:45 (a quarter before/of six)
a.m. dan p.m.
a.m. dan p.m. sering dipakai dalam menyampaikan jam. a.m. (ante merediem) dipakai untuk waktu sebelum siang atau sesudah siang yaitu antara pukul 00:00 sampai pukul 12:00 siang. p.m. (post merediem) dipakai untuk waktu antara pukul 12:00 siang sampai 00:00. Untuk a.m. atau p.m. digunakan/ dirangkai berbarengan cara penyampaian waktu pada cara ke 1 di atas. Bila kita tidak ingin menggunaka a.m. ataupun p.m., kita bisa menggungakan kata in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, atau at night.
Contoh: 7:15 (a quarter past seven in the morning/ a quarter past seven in the evening).
Pertanyaan yang sering dipakai untuk menanyakan jam antara lain:
What time is it?    What's the time?

Simple Present Tense, Part I (is, am , are)

Dalam bahasa Inggris kita mengenal istilah “verb be” atau kata kerja “be”. Dalam Simple Present Tense, kita mengenal ada tiga macam verb “be” yaitu “is, am dan “are”. Bagi pemula, pemakaian verb “be” ini memang agak membingungkan. Hal ini dikarenakan verb “be” bisa berfungsi sebagai kata kerja utama “main verb” dalam sebuah kalimat dan juga bisa berfungsi sebagai kata kerja Bantu (seperti halnya dalam Present Continuous Tense).

Untuk memudahkan kita memahaminya, mari kita fokus lebih dahulu kepada pemakaian verb “be” yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja utama dalam bentuk kalimat Simple Present Tense, akan tetapi ada baiknya kita pahami dulu apa itu Simple Present Tense.

I. Simple Present Tense

Arti simple yaitu sederhana, sedangkan present adalah sekarang. Jadi bisa dikatakan bahwa Simple Present adalah tenses (pola kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menceritakan waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana. Nama lain daripada Present adalah BENTUK 1.

Berikut fungsi dari Simple Present Tense:

a. Fakta permanen: Kalimat-kalimat yang menyatakan fakta yang selalu berlaku/benar

Contoh: Batanghari River is in Jambi.

b. Fakta sekarang: Kalimat-kalimat yang menyatakan fakta yang benar untuk saat sekarang.

Contoh: I am at home. (saya di rumah)

c. Tindakan kebiasaan

Contoh: A nita goes to her office every morning. (Anita pergi kekantornya setiap pagi)

Contoh lain:
I am clever.
She watches TV every afternoon.
They go to WTC.
Jika kita perhatikan contoh-contoh di atas, kalimat tersebut ada yang menggunakan verb "be" dan ada yang tidak. Hal ini dikarenakan simple present tense dapat dibuat dalam bentuk nomial dan dalam bentuk verbal.

Bila Simple Present Tense tersebut memakai verb “be” berarti berbentuk nominal sentence, bila tidak menggunakan verb “be” melainkan menggunakan “verb” (seperti; go, eat, run, study, dll) berarti berbentuk verbal.

Contoh kalimat verbal dalam Simple Present Tense:

I go to Jakarta twice a week. (saya pergi ke Jakarta dua kali seminggu.)

My mother cooks every morning. (Ibu ku memasak setiap pagi.)

John plays games every morning. (John bermain game setiap pagi.)

The boy likes juice. (anak laki-laki itu suka jus.)

Semua kalimat-kalimat diatas memakai verb dan disebut kalimat verbal. Oleh karena itu tidak perlu di tambah verb “be”, karena kalimat-kalimat tersebut sudah mempunyai kata kerja. Jadi tidak boleh mengatakan “ ~~I am go to Jakarta every week~~, akan tetapi “I go to Jakarta every week.”

(untuk lebih mengerti penggunaan Simple Present Tense dalam bentuk verbal, akan di bahasa pada materi berikutnya, sabar ya….heee)

Contoh kalimat nominal dalam Simple Present Tense

1. I am tall. (Saya tinggi.)

2. Roni is in America. (Roni di Amerika.)

3. The house is big.(Rumah itu besar.)

4. They are clever. (Mereka pintar.

kalimat-kalimat diatas akan salah jika kita membuatnya tidak menggunakan verb “be”

~~I tall~~

(jika tidak menggunaka verb “be” maka “I tall” bukan kalimat karena tidak mempunyai kata kerja, oleh karena itu kita perlu verb “be” untuk membuat kalimatnya menjadi benar. “ I am tall.” Begitu juga dengan contoh kalimat 2, 3 dan 4 diatas.)

Oleh karena kalimat tersebut harus menggunakan verb “be”, maka kalimat-kalimat tersebut di sebut kalimat nominal.

II. Verb “be” dalam Simple Present Tense

Sebagaimana kita ketahui, syarat sebuah kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris harus mempunyai Subject dan Verb. Bila tidak mempunyai verb, berarti itu bukan kalimat.

Contoh:

~~I tall~~ (Saya tinggi)

~~Rina~~ ~~in Jakarta~~ ( Rina di Jakarta)

Dua contoh kalimat diatas salah, karena tidak mempunyai verb. Pada contoh 1, “I” adalah subject pronoun, dan “tall” adalah “adjective (kata sifat), jadi kalimat tersebut tidak mempunyai verb, begitu juga contoh dua, “Rina” pada kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai subject, “in Jakarta” adalah “adverb (kata keterangan). Jadi kedua kalimat diatas adalah salah.

Untuk membuat kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat yang benar maka kita perlu membuat kalimat tersebut memenuhi syarat, yaitu mempunyai “subject” dan “Verb”, maka kita harus menggunakan “verb be”.

~~I tall~~ I am tall.

~~Rina in Jakarta~~ Rina is in Jakarta.

I ` Am

You

We Are

They

She

He Is

Rina is…

Toni is…

Rina and Toni are…

The cat is….

The cats are…

Bila benda tersebut tunggal (Singular Noun ) , uncountable noun, maka memakai verb be “is”, bila subject pada kalimat tersebut jamak (plural noun), maka menggunakan verb be “are”.

Contoh:

~~My father in his office~~. My father is in his office. (Ayahku di kantornya.)

~~They stupid~~ They are stupid. (Mereka bodoh.)

~~The cat funny~~ The cat is funny. (Kucing itu lucu.)

~~The cats funny~~ The cats are funny. (kucing-kucing itu lucu.)

Catatan: in his office, stupid, dan funny adalah bukan kata kerja, oleh karena itu perlu menggunakan verb “be” pada kalimat-kalimat tersebut.

in his office adalah kata keterangan (Adverb).

stupid, funny adalah kata sifat (Adjective).

Kalimat negative dan kalimat Tanya dengan menggunakan verb “be” dalam Simple Present Tense

Posotive Negative

I am tall. I am not tall.

My mother is beautiful. My mother is not beautiful.

They are in the bedroom. They are not in the bedroom.

My house is in Jambi. My house is not in Jambi.

Kalimat Tanya dengan menggunakan verb “be”

Yes/No questions atau kalimat Tanya dengan jawaban pendek (ya atau tidak)

Are you a student? Yes, I am/No, I am not.

Are they at home? Yes, they are/No, They are not.

Are we late? Yes, we are/No, we are not.

Am I handsome? Yes, you are/ No, you are not.

Is she tall? Yes, she is/No, she is not.

Is Anton stupid? Yes, He is/No, he is not.

Are Anton and Rina at school now? Yes, they are/ No, they are not.

Is the cat funny? Yes, It is/ No, it is not.

Are the cats funny? Yes, they are/ No, they are not

Menggunakan WH questions (what, where, how, when, why, who, dll)

What are you? I am a student.

Who is she? She is my mother.

Where are you? I am at home.

Where is Rina? She is at home.

How old are you? I am 20 years old.

What is your mother? She is a doctor.

Contoh dalam percakapan:

A: Hello, How are you? (Hello, Apa kabar?)

B: Hi, I am fine. ( Hi, Saya baik-baik saja.)

A: What is your name? (Siapakah nama mu?)

B: My name is Anton. (Nama saya Anton.)

A: How old are you? (Berapakah usia mu?)

B: I am 20 years old. (Saya 20 tahun.)

A: Where are you now? (Dimanakah kamu sekarang?)

B: I am at home. (Saya di rumah.)

A: Where are you from? (Darimanakah kamu berasal?)

B: I am from Jambi. (Saya dari jambi.)

Simple Present Tense, Part II

Dalam Materi sebelumnya (Sipmle Present Tense, Part I (is, am,are) telah dibahas mengenai Simple Present Tense dalam kalimat Nominal. Untuk bahasan kali ini kita akan membahas Simple Present Tense dalam kalimat verbal. Dalam hal ini kita akan menggunakan kata kerja bentuk pertama.
Berikut Formula kalimatnya:
Kalimat positif   = Subject (I, you, we, they) + VI + O
Kalimat negatif    = S + DO Not + V1 + O
Kalimat Introgatif:
   Yes/No Question
            DO + S + V1 + O + ?
   WH Question
          WH Question + DO + S + VI + O + ?
Contoh:
I go to school everyday.
I do not go to school everyday.
Do you go to school everyday? Yes, I do/ No, I do not
They study English every Monday.
They Do not study English every Monday.
Do They study English every Monday? Yes, They do/ No, they do not.
We cook in the kitchen every morning.
We do not cook in the kitchen every morning.
Do we cook in the kitchen every morning? Yes, we do/ No, We do not.
The boys come late.
The boys do not come late.
Do the boys come late? Yes, they do/ No, they do not.
Contoh kalimat tanya dengan WH Questions (When, who, where, what, why, how, etc)
What do you cook every morning? I cook rice every morning.
What time do they get up? They get up at 6.
Where do Toni and Anton go every morning? They go to school every morning.
Why do you love me? Because you love me, too.
Apabila Subject kalimat tersebut orang ketiga tunggal (she, he, it) berikut ini formulanya:
S + VI + es/s + O
S + Does not + VI + O
Does + S + Vi + ?
Contoh:
She goes to school every morning.
She does not go to school every morning.
Does she go to school every morning? Yes, she does/ No, she does not
He gets up late.
He does not get up late.
Does he get up late? Yes, he does/ No, he does not.
The cat eats fish everyday.
The cat does not eat fish everyday.
Does the cat eat fish everyday? Yes, it does / No, it does not.
contoh lainnya;
Toni watches TV every night.
Toni Does not watch TV every night.
Does Toni watch TV every night? Yes, He does/ No, he does not.
Shinta washes the dishes.
Shinta does not wash the dishes.
Does Shinta wash the dishes? Yes, she does/ No, she does not.
Dari contoh di atas, jelas bahwa penambahan s/es hanya dalam kalimat positif saja, tidak pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Apa bila kalimat introgatif tersebut menggunakan WH Questions atau pertannyaan tersebut adalah information question, maka kata kerja pada jawabannya harus menggunakan s/es. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
What time does your mother take a bath? She takes a bath at 5.
Where does your father usually go in the morning? He usually goes to his office.
How does Toni go to school? He goes to school by car.
ketentuan penambahan s/es:
Apa bila kata kerja tersebut berakhiran "sh, ch, O,ss dan X", maka kata kerja tersebut ditambah "es"
contoh:
wash           washes
brush          brushes
watch      watches
catch         catches
go          goes
do          does
box              boxes
kiss    kisses
miss misses
Apabila kata kerja tersebut berakhiran "y" dan huruf sebelum huruf "y" terebut adalah huruf konsonan, maka "y" diganti degang "ies"
contoh:
study       studies
cry             cries
dry           dries
fly             flies
Bila kata kerja tersebut berakhira "y" dan sebelum huruf "y" tersebut adalah huruf vokal, maka tinggal menambahkan "s" saja.
contoh:
play        plays
say         says
pay         pays
stay    stays
Do not = Don't
Does not = Doesn't
Kata keterangan yang biasa dipakai dalam Simple Present Tense:
every ...(setiap...)
Always (selalu)
usually (biasanya)
often   (sering)
sometimes (kadang-kadang)
seldom (jarang)
generally (umumnya, biasanya)
never (tidak pernah)

Have and Has

Have dan Has, sebagai kata kerja mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu "mempunyai". Ini penjelasan singkat pemakaian "have" dan "has" dalam Simple Present Tense
HAVE

I have.....       (Saye punya......)
you have....    (Kamu punya....)
We have....
They have.....
Toni and Tono have....
The boys have....
The cats have...

contoh kalimat;

I have a book. (Saya punya sebuah buku.)
You have 3 apples. (Kamu punya tiga apel.)
They have a big house. (Mereka mempunyai rumah yang besar.)
Toni and Tono have new pens. (Toni dan Tono punya pena baru.)
The boys have some books. (Anak-anak laki-laki itu punya beberapa buku.)
The cats have a big house. (Kucing-kucing itu mempunyai sebuah rumah yang besar.)

untuk membuat kalimat negatif yang menyatakan "tidak mepunyai" kita memerlukan "do not".
I do not have a book. (Saya tidak mempunyai sebuah buku.)
You do not have 3 apples.
They do not have a big house.
Toni and Tono do not have new pens.
The boys do not have some books.
The cats do not have a big house.

Kalimat tanya
Do you have a book? Yes, I do/ No, I don't
Do they have a big house? Yes, They do/ No, they don't
Do Toni and Tono have new pens? Yes, They do/ No, they don't.
Do the boys have some books? Yes, they do/ No, they don't.
Do the cats have a big house? Yes, they do/ No, They don't.

What do you have? (Apa yang kamu punya?)
I have a book. (Saya punya sebuah buku.)
What food do they have for dinner? (Makanan apa yang mereka punya untuk makan malam?)
They have fruits and pizza. (Mereka punya buah-buahan dan pizza.)
What book do Toni and Tono have?
They have biology books.

HAS

She has...
He has...
It has...
Shinta has...
Robi has...
The cat has...

"has" hanya digunakan untuk subject-subject seperti di atas, jadi kita tidak boleh mengatakan;
~~I has...~~
~~You has...~~
~~They has...~~
~~We has...~~
~~Toni and Tono has...~~
Contoh pemakaian "Has" dalam kalimat positif.
She has a book.
He has 2 cars.
It has a fish.
Toni has a new computer.
Tina has beautiful hair.
The cat has a fish.

untuk merubah kalimat diatas menjadi negatif, kita memerluka "does not/ doesn't" kemudian "has" harus dirubah menjadi "have". Dengan kata lain "has" hanya dipakai dalam kalimat positif saja, dan akan berubah menjadi "have" jika dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat introgatif.
She has a book. She doesn't have a book.
He has 2 cars He doesn't have 2 cars.
Toni has a new computer.       Toni doesn't have a new computer.
Does she have a book? Yes, she does/ No, she, doesn't
Does Toni have a new computer? Yes, he does / No, He doesn't
Does the cat have a fish? Yes, it does/ No, it doesn't
What does she have? She has a book.
What food does the cat have? It has a fish.
What fruits does Tina have? She has some apples.

There is" and "There are"

"There is/ there are" digunakan untuk menerangkan sesuatu yang diketahui ada/exists atau berada pada lokasi tertentu (in a certain location).
Coba perhatikan kedua kalimat berikut:
1. There is a book in the bag.
2. There are 2 appples on the table.
3. There are 2 pens.
Pada kalimat pertama, subjek nya adalah "book" dan berbentuk tunggal/singular, oleh karena itu kita harus memakai "there is".
Pada kalimat ke-dua, "apples" adalah subjek dan berbentuk plural/jamak, oleh karena itu kita memakai "there are".
perlu diketahui bahwa pada kalimat tersebut "is, are" berfungsi sebagai kata kerja.
Berikut bentuk-bentuk “there is dan there are” dalam kalimat Simple Present.

Kalimat positif

There’s a tree in my garden.
There are books on the desk. (‘there are’ tidak memiliki singkatan)

Kalimat negatif

There isn’t a computer in my bedroom.
There aren’t any cinemas here.

Pertanyaan

Is there a restaurant here?
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t

There is digunakan bersama kata benda tunggal. Contoh:
"There is a book on the table"
Jadi sesudah "there is" tidak boleh dimasukan kata benda jamak, melainkan harus kata benda tunggal ( Singular noun ) atau kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung (uncountable noun ).
Contoh lainnya:
There is an apple.
There is water in the kitchen.
There is a pen in my bag.

There are digunakan bersama kata benda jamak. Contoh:

There are two magazines on the desk.
There are some books in my bag.
There are 2 boys in the room.

Contoh lain dalam kalimat negatif.
There is not a book in my bag.
There is not a pen in my bag.
There is not an apple on the table.
There are not two magazines on the desk.
There are not some books in my bag.
There not 2 boys in the room.
Contoh lain dalam kalimat tanya:
Is there a book in your bag? Yes, there is/ No, there is not.
Are there 2 boys in the room? Yes, there are/ No, there are not.
Are there 10 pencils in your perncil case? Yes, There are/ No, there are not.
Is there an apple on the table? Yes, there is/ No, there is not.
Contoh penggunaan dalam percakapan
1) Tyler, do you like London?
Sure, there are lots of restaurants and shops, and there are a lot of beautiful parks and museums as well.
I really want to live there.
Me too!
2) Hey, this is a great apartment.
Thanks. There’s a lot of space, and there are some really nice neighbors as well.
Are there any stores near here?
Sure, there is a supermarket near here.
You have a great view!
Right. There’s only one problem.
What’s that?
It’s really expensive!
3) Is there any pizza?
No we don’t have any, sorry.
Well, are there any apples?
Er, yes, there’s some in the kitchen. Help yourself.

Noun Phrase

Apa kabar pembaca bahasa Inggris online, hari ini saya akan coba menjelaskan Noun Phrase. Sengaja saya menjelaskan materi ini, karena noun phrase ini ada hubungannya dengan materi selanjutnya, yaitu quantifier. Suatu frasa/phrase adalah sekelompok kata yang di dalamnya terdapat satu kata pokok (headword) dengan kata-kata lainnya yang menjelaskan kata pokok tersebut. Bingungnya?
Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini.

Frasa Benda/Noun Phrase
Suatu frasa benda adalah suatu frasa di mana kata pokoknya adalah kata benda dengan kata-kata lain yang menerangkan kata benda tersebut.
Pembentukan Noun Phrase
Frasa benda bisa di bentuk dengan susunan kata-kata seperti berikut :
1.     Article + Noun
a) Indifinite Article + Noun
Pada materi sebelumnya saya telah menjelaskan mengenai indifinite article a dan an. Noun Phrase dapat terbentuk dengan adanya kata sandang a dan an sebelum kata benda itu.
Contoh : a girl                  an apple                     a university
Rangkaian kata a girl adalah suatu frasa kata benda, a menerangkan kata benda girl ; girl adalah kata pokoknya (headword) dalam frasa tersebut, a adalah kata yang menerangkan kata girl.
b) Difinite Article + Noun
yang dimaksud dengan Definite article adalah kata sandang The.
Contoh : the house                the book         the boys           the pens
Rangkaian kata kata dia atas adalah frasa benda. The menarangkan kata benda house, book, boys, dan pens . Kata-kata house, book, boys, pens adalah kata-kata pokoknya dan “the” menerangkan kata-kata pokok tersebut.
2. Demonstrative Adjective + Noun
Sudah dijelaskan juga beberapa kata demonstrative adjective antara lain kata this, these, that, dan those.
Contoh : This song                      That poem                   those disasters
                That stranger                These tragedies           this liquid
3. Possessesive Adjective +    Noun dan Possessive noun + noun
yang dimaksud dengan possessive adjective adalah kata-kata yang menyatakan pemilik sesuatu, misalnya my, your, his, her, its, our, their, jean’s, Mr.Jones’, dsb.
Contoh : Her computers                   your ideas                    Toni’s pen
4. Numerals (kata bilangan)
Yang dimaksud dengan numerals adalah one, two, three, ten, dst.
Contoh : two women (=dua orang wanita)
Four members (=empat orang anggota)
Three books (=tiga buku)
5. Quantifier + noun
Adalah kata yang menyatakan banyaknya suatu benda, misalnya some, any, much, many, a lot of, few, a little, dsb.
Contoh : some brothers                        much money                many pencils
6. Adjective + Noun
Adejective (=Kata sifat) adalah kata yang menjelaskan benda dengan kata lain menerangkan sifat benda tersebut. Contoh kata sifat; big (besar), tall (tinggi), old (tua), far (jauh), angry (marah), sad (sedih), dll.
big houses    tall men    clever students
kata "big" adalah kata sifat yang menjelas kan kata benda "houses"
cara-cara lain pembentukan noun phrase antara lain:
Article + adjective + noun (contoh; a tall man, the angry birg, dll)
Pada contoh " a tall man",kata "a" adalah article/kata sandang, kata "tall" adalah adjective, semua kata-kata ini menjelaskan "man".
Article + Adverb + adjective + noun (contoh; a really nice vacation)
Pada noun phrase " a really nice vacation ", kata "a" adalah article, "really" adalah kata keterangan, "nice" adalaj adjective, semua kata ini mejelaskan kata benda "vacation"
Quantifier + adjective + noun
Contoh:
some pretty girls    a few new pens
kata "some" adalah quantifier, "pretty" adalah kata sifat, semua kata tersebut menjelaskan kata benda "girls"

Quantifier

Quantifier adalah kata yang menunjukan kuantitas benda dan bisa juga dikatakan sebagai kata yang menunjukan jumlah benda tersebut. Beberapa contoh quantifier yang paling umum antara lain; some, any, much, many, a little, a few, a lot , several, enough.
Quatifier dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu:
1. Neutral quatifiers /quantifier netral: some, any, a number of, enough
2. Quantifier of large quantity/quantifier untuk jumlah/kuantitas yang besar;
    Much, many, a lots, plenty of, numerous, a large number of, dll.
3. Quantifier of small quantity/quantifier untuk jumlah atau kuantitas kecil a few, a little, not many, not much, a number of, dll.

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa untuk memahami quantifier ini, kita harus memahami dulu masalah countable dan uncountable nouns, karena beberapa dari quatifier tersebut dalam pemakaiannya sangat berhubungan dengan countable dan uncontable nouns dan juga kalimat positif/affirmative, kalimat negative dan kalimat interrogative.
Quantifier digunakan atau diletakkan sebelum kata benda ataupun noun phrase.
Contoh;
book               some books
apple              a few apples
money             much money
beautiful girl some beautiful girls

Some and Any

Selamat sore pembaca belajar bahasa Inggris online, sore-sore gini jika tidak ada kerjaan, mendingan baca penjelasan saya mengenai some dan any. Some dan any mempunyai arti "beberapa/tidak banyak". Cara pemakaian some dan any ini tidak terlalu sulit Some dan any termasuk quantifier dan saya telah menjelaskan pada materi sebelumnya masalah quantifier ini. Berikut ini perbedaan pemakai some dan any:
Some
Some digunakan dalam kaliamat positif. Some bisa digunakan untuk benda yang bisa dihitung ataupun yang tidak bisa dihitung (countable dan uncountable nouns ). Some diharamkan diletakkan pada kalimat jika kalimat tersebut berbentuk negatif.
Sekarang perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
Toni has some books.
They have some pens.
There are some apples on the table.
My brothers buy some new pencils.
There is some sugar in the kitchen.
I need some water.
Perlu diketahui bahwa, jika kita menggunakan "some" untuk benda yang bisa dihitung (countable nouns ), maka benda tersebut haruslah berbentuk jamak/ plural.
Toni has some books                    ~~Toni has some book~~.
They have some pens .                 ~~They have some pen.~~
There are some apples on the table,            ~~There are some apple on the table~~.
My brothers buy some new pencils            ~~My brothers buy some new pencil~~.
Bila setelah kata some kita meletakkan kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung/uncountable noun, maka kata benda tersebut janganlah ditambah "s/es".
There is some sugar in the kitchen.            ~~There is some sugars in the kitchen~~.
I need some water.                                         ~~I need some waters.~~
She has some salt.                                         ~~She has some salts.~~

Note: Ingat, some tidak boleh dipakai dalam kalimat berbentuk negatif, terkadang kita menemukan penempatan some dalam kalimat tanya/interrogative, biasanya kalimat tanya yang menggunakan kata some adalah kalimat tanya yang bermakna menawarkan sesuatu (offer something) dan juga permintaan (request something).
contoh:
Would you like some apples? (offer)
Can I have some water? (request)

Any

Any dipakai hanya dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya/interrogative. Kita tidak diperbolehkan memakai "any" dalam kalimta positif. Kita juga bisa meletakkan kata benda yang bisa dihitung ataupun yang tidak bisa dihitung/countable or uncountable nouns setelah kata "any".Bila kata benda tersebut adalah kata benda yang bisa dihitung/countable noun, maka kata benda itupun harus berbentuk jamak/plural.
contoh;
I don't have any books.                              ~~I don't have any book.~~
They didn't bring any pens.                      ~~They didn't bring any pen~~.
She doesn't have any rulers.                     ~~She doesn't have any ruler.~~
Do they need any knives?                        ~~Do they need any knife?~~
Does she water any flowers?                    ~~Does she water any flower?~~
We don't have any sugar.
The boys didn't have any money.
Shinta does not bring any food.
Do the girls play any games today?

Much and Many

Much dan many mempunyai arti banyak. Much dan many juga termasuk dalam quantifier. Pengetahuan mengenai countable dan uncountable nouns sangatlah penting diketahui jika kita ingin dengan mudah memahami pemakaian much dan many. Much digunakan untuk benda yang tidak bisa dihitung/uncountable nouns dan many digunakan untuk benda yang bisa dihitung/countable nouns. Much dan many dapat digunakan dalam kalimat positif, negatif maupun kalimat interrogative.
Perlu diperhatikan bahwa, dalam penggunaan "many", kata benda yang diletakkan sesudahnya haruslah berbentuk jamak/plural.
contoh dalam kalimat:

Many
Many people can drive.
There are so many books in the bedroom.
Do you have many friends?
Much
I have much money.
There is much sugar in the kitchen.
Do you have much milk?
My father and my mother have much free time.

How much dan How many
How much dan how many digunakan pada kalimat tanya, dan mempunyai arti "berapa banyak...?"
How much di gunakan untuk menanyakan jumlah atau kuantitas benda yang tidak bisa dihitung. How many digunakan untuk menanyakan kuantitas benda yang bisa dihitung.
Contoh:
How many books do you have? = Berapa banyak buku yang kamu miliki?
How many people are there in the room? = Ada berapa banyak orang yang ada di ruangan itu?
How many students do you have? = Berapa banyak murid yang kamu miliki?
How much sugar do you have? =Berapa banyak gula yang kamu miliki.
How much water do you drink in a day? =Berapa banyak air yang kamu minum dalam sehari?
How much salt do you want? = Berapa banyak garam yang kamu inginkan?

A little/little dan A few/few

Tiba saatnya kita membahas a little dan a few. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, a little dan a few mempunyai arti sedikit/tidak banyak dan bisa juga mempunyai arti beberapa. Meraka ini juga termasuk quantifier sama hal nya dengan "much, many, some, any". Untuk mememudahkan kita memahami pemakaian a little dan a few, kita harus memahami countable dan uncountable nouns lebih dahulu. Countable dan uncountable nouns telah saya jelaskan pada pembahasan sebelumnya.

A Little
kata ini dipakai untuk benda yang tidak bisa dihitung, seperti gula (sugar), garam (salt), air (udara), money (uang), water (air), dll. Kata a little mempunyai makna positif, dengan kata lain makna positif ini berarti si pembicara merasa puas, merasa cukup atas benda yang mengikuti sesudah kata a little tersebut. Masih bingung? heee Kita langsung masuk pada contoh kalimat saja.
She needs a little sugar.= Dia membutuhkan sedikit gula.
There is a little milk in the refrigerator..=Ada sedikit susu di dalam lemari es.
They buy a little salt.=Mereka membeli sedikit garam.
I have a little money.=Saya mempunyai sedikit uang.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat di atas! Kata-kata yang dicetak tebal adalah kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung, oleh karena itu jika kita ingin mengatakan "sedikit gula" dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi "a little sugar".Bagaimana, mudah bukan cara pemakaiannya.
Jika kita mengatakan " I have a little money." Berarti si pembicara merasa puas, merasa cukup atas uang yang dimilikinya walaupun itu sedikit atau tidak banyak. Nah, inilah yang dimaksud dari "makna positif" pada penjelasan saya di atas.

Little
Di samping a little, dalam bahasa Inggris orang sering juga menggunakan "little" tanpa memberikan artikel a sebelum kata little. Perlu diketahui bahwa a little dan little itu berbeda, walau dalam bahasa Indonesia kita terjemahkan dengan kata yang sama yaitu 'sedikit' akan tetapi mempunyai makna yang berbeda. Di atas telah dijelaskan bahwa a little mempunyai makna positif dan little mempunyai makna negatif. Jika kita mengatakan "I have little money", berarti si pembicara merasa tidak cukup, merasa tidak puas atau merasa tidak senang atas uang yang ia miliki tersebut.

A Few
Kata ini kebalikan dari a little, jika a little untuk benda yang tidak bisa dihitung, a few untuk benda yang bisa dihitung atau countable nouns. Perhatikan contoh-contoh di bawah ini!
Doni has a few books.
Rina doesn't have a few pens.
Do you bring a few pencils?
Do they need a few spoons?
A few cars are parked in the yard.
There are a few cats in the room.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh di atas, setelah kata a few terdapat kata benda yang bisa dihitung, di samping itu perlu juga diperhatikan bahwa, kata benda sesudahnya haruslah berbentuk jamak. Untuk masalah kata benda jamak/plural dan juga kata benda tunggal/singular telah dibahas pada pembahasan-pembahasan sebelumnya.

Few
Few sama halnya dengan little, few mepunyai makna negatif.
Contoh: I have few books.
Pada kalimat ini berarti si pembicara tidak merasa cukup, tidak merasa senang dan juga puas atas buku yang ia miliki, ini yang dimaksud makna negatif pada kata few.
Semoga penjelasan saya ini bisa dimengerti. Saya ulangi kemabali, A little/little dipakai untuk benda yang tidak bisa dihitung atau uncountable noun, akan tetapi a little mempunyai makna positif dan little mempunyai makna negatif. A few/few digunakan untuk benda yang bisa dihitung dan harus berbentuk jamak. A few bermakna positif dan few bermakna negatif. Untuk penjelasan makna negatif dan positifnya semoga sudah bisa dipahami dari penjelasan saya di atas.

Adverbs of Frequency

Dalam bahasa Inggris fungsi adverb itu sendiri adalah untuk menerangkan kata kerja (verb), adjective (kata sifat) dan bahkan sebuah adverb juga bisa berfungsi untuk menerangkan adverb lainnya. Masih bingung? Silahkan perhatikan contoh di bawah ini;
1. The man is very tall.
2. I go to school everyday.
3. She walks incredibly slowly.
Pada contoh 1, kata "very" adalah adverb dan kata "tall" adalah adjective. Adverb pada kalimat diatas menerangkan adjective "tall". Seberapa tinggi kah? 'sangat tinggi". Jika kita tidak memakai kata "very" juga tidak mengapa, tetapi dengan memakai kata "very" berarti kita bisa mengetahui seberapa tinggi, yaitu sangat tinggi. Pada contoh 2, adverb "everyday" menjelaskan kata kerja/verb "go" yang mana dengan menambahkan adverb tersebut kita bisa mengetahuai bahwa aktifitas pada kalimat tersebut "go to school" dilakukuan setiap hari/everyday. Pada contoh 3, adverb "incredibly" menjelaskan adverb "slowly". Adverb "slowly' menjelaskan kata kerja "walk" yang mana bisa diketahui bahwa subjek berjalan/walk dengan lambat. Adverb "incredibly" menjelaskan seberapa lambat yaitu sangat-sangat lambat. Bagaimana, apa sudah mengerti apa itu adverb dan fungsinya. Jadi kesimpulannya, adverb adalah kata sifat yang fungsinya menjelaskan kata kerja/verb, kata sifat/adjective dan sebuah adverb bisa juga menjelaskan adverb lainnya seperti contoh nomor 3 di atas.
Dalam bahasa Inggris kita mengenal banyak adverb, beberapa diantaranya yaitu:
1. Adverb of frequency. (menjawab pertanyaan how often (seberapa sering)
2. Adverb of place/kata keterangan tempat (menjawab pertannyaan dimana/where)
3. Adverb of manner (menjawab pertanyaan how/bagaimana), adverb ini mejelaskan bagaimana sesuatu itu dikerjakan atau terjadi.
4. Adverb of degree/kata keterangan tingkat (untuk menjawab pertanyaan "how much" yaitu menjelaskan intensitas dari kegiatan atau kata kerja.

Adeverb of Frequency
Always = selalu
usually = biasanya
often = sering
sometimes = kadang-kadang
seldom/rarely = jarang
never = tidak pernah

Jenis-jenis adverb of frequency di atas bisa kita bagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu adverbs of frequency afirmatif/positif dan adverbs of frequency negatif. Adverbs of frequency positif bisa kita pakai dalam kalimat positif dan negatif dan adverb of frequency negatif hanya bisa dipakai dalam bentuk positif saja dan tidak bisa dipakai dalam bentuk negatif karena sudah terdapat makna "tidak" pada kata tersebut. Adverb of frequency negatif yaitu "never" dan sisanya adalah adverbs of frequency positif.
Jadi kita tidak boleh memakai kata "never' pada kalimat negatif tetapi kata tersebut harus selalu dalam kalimat berbentuk positif. contoh;
~~I don't never go to Jambi.~~ I never go to Jambi.
Adverbs of frequency positif bisa digunakan dalam kalimat pisitif maupun negatif, contoh;
I always go to Jambi.
I don't always go to Jambi.
She often eats pizza.
She doesn't often eat pizza.

Posisi atau letak adverbs of frequency dalam kalimat
Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan pada:
1. Di awal kalimat.
contoh; Sometimes they play cards.
2. Sebelum kata kerja utama/setelah subjek
Contoh: He often watches TV.
Rika seldom goes swimming.
3. Di akhir kalimat. We eat pizza sometimes.
Note: Adverb of frequency tidak boleh diletakkan antara kata kerja dan objek. Contoh;
~~I play often cards.~~
~~We eat rarely pizza.~~
~~My father buys sometimes candies.~~
Contoh pemakaian adverb of frequency dalam kalimat.
Joe: HI, Andy. Do you like pizza?
Andy: Yes, I like it very much.
Joe: How often do you eat pizza?
Andy: I seldom eat pizza.
Joe: Why do you seldom eat pizza?
Andy: Because pizza is expensive.

Hello, My name is Rina. I like travelling. I often go to Jambi. It's a beautiful province. I usually go to Jambi on holiday. What about you, Where do you usually go on holiday?

1. Adverbs of Manner

Adverb or manner adalah kata keterangan yang mengungkapkan atau menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu aktifitas/pekerjaan itu terjadi atau dilakukan. Contohnya: carefully (dengan hati-hati), slowly (dengan lambat), well (dengan baik), dll. Oleh karena itu adverbs of manner ini menjawab pertanyaan how (bagaimana).
Adverb ini sering dibentuk dari sebuah kata sifat yang kemudian dirubah menjadi adverb. Contoh:

Adjective                                 adverb of manner
good (baik)                                         well (dengan baik)
careful (hati-hati)                                         carefully (dengan hati-hati)
beautiful (cantik/indah)                           beautifully (dengan cantik/indah)
slow (lambat)                                              slowly (dengan lambat)
soft (lembut)                                         softly (dengan lembut)

Diatas saya hanya memberikan sedikit contoh adverbs of manner. Yang terpenting adalah kita harus mengetahui bagaimana bentuk perubahan dari adjective menjadi adverb of manner. Sebagian besar perubahan bentuk adjective menjadi adverb of manner yaitu dengan menambahkan "ly" setelah adverb tersebut. Lebih jelasnya perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini;
*Jika adjective tersebut berakhiran "-L" maka kita menambahkan "ly"
Contoh: Careful-carefully, beautiful-beautifully
*Jika adjective tersebut berakhiran "y" maka dirubah menjadi "ily"
Contoh: Lucky - luckily, healthy - healthily
*Jika adjective tersebut berakhiran "ble" maka diganti dengan "bly"
Contoh: responsible - respobsibly
Akan tetapi ada beberapa adjecitve yang berubah menjadi adverb of manner tanpa merubah akihran kata tersebut dengan "ly/ily/bly" misalnya; good (baik) - well (dengan baik). Untuk posisi adverbs of manner di dalam kalimat kurang lebih sama dengan adverbs of frequency, yaitu:
* Di awal kalimat
contoh; Slowly, he answers th equestions.
Beautifully, she sings the song.

*Di akhir kalimat
Contoh: I drive the car carefully.
They work well.

*Setelah subjek
Contoh: She quietly asked me to leave the room.

* Jika ada preposisi sebelum objek, misalnya: at, towards, etc., kita dapat meletakkan adverbia sebelum preposisi atau setelah objek.
Contoh: The boy ran happily towards his mother.
                   atau
The boy ran towards his mother happily./Happily, the boy ran towards his mother.
Note: Adeverbs of manner juga tidak boleh diletakkan antara kata kerja dan objeknya.
Contoh:
I sing beautifully the song. (salah)
I sing the song beautifully. (benar)
Beautifully, I sing the song. (benar)

2. Adverbs of Degree

Lama-lama bosen juga ya membahas adverbs, tetapi sayang jika tidak dibahas di blog ini karena pengetahuan tentang adverb itu juga penting. Langsung saja kepokok bahasan kita yaitu adverbs of degree. Dalam bahasa Indonesia Adverbs of Degree adalah kata keterangan tingkat. Adverb ini menerangkan atau menunjukan sejauh mana sesuatu itu terjadi, menerangkan intensitas suatu kata sifat dan juga adverb/kata keterangan. Jadi adverbs of degree bisa menerangkan kata sifat/adjective, kata keterangan/adverb dan juga kata kerja/verb.

Ada banyak adverbs of degree. Antara lain:
almost = hampir/nyaris
enough = cukup
too = terlalu/terlampau/kelewat/juga
very = sekali/teramat/sangat
just = hanya
hardly = hampir tidak
nearly = hampir/nyaris
extremely = teramat/secara ekstrim
quite = sangat/agaknya
scarcely = hampir tidak
completely = seluruhnya/secara utuh
dll

Posisi adverbs of degree
* Adverbs of degree diletakkan sebelum adjective, adverb, dan juga kata kerja
Contoh:
The book is very expensive.
My house is quite small.
I am too tired.
He hardly noticed what she was saying.
They are completely exhausted from the trip.
The water was extremely cold.
He had hardly begun.
I just asked.
His work is almost finished.

*Pengecualian pada enough, too, dan very
Enough
Enough berarti jumlah atau tingkat yang memuaskan.
Contoh:
I’m so busy, I haven’t got enough time.
Do you have enough potatoes?

Enough ditempatkan setelah adjective dan adverb:
Contoh:
This jacket isn’t big enough for me.
They work good enough today.
He didn't work hard enough.

Enough biasanya ditempatkan sebelum kata benda:
Contoh:
I have enough money to buy a car.
She doesn't have enough time to sleep.

Kita sering menggunakan enough…for, khususnya untuk orang dan hal.
Contoh:
This fruit isn't good enough for me.
She has enough time for lunch.

Enough…to infinitif juga merupakan struktur yang umum.
Contoh:
My grand father is old enough to drive.
Toni and Tono have enough time to dance.

Too
Too berarti lebih dari cukup, jumlah atau tingkat yang berlebihan.
Contoh:
My bedroom is too hot.
The fruit is too sweet.

Too juga digunakan bersama for:
Contoh:
This room is too small for me.
The girl is too ugly for me.

Too…to infinitif juga merupakan struktur yang umum.
Contoh:
Our house is too small to live in.

Too dan very
Very berarti sesuatu dilakukan sampai tingkat yang tinggi, biasanya faktual.
Contoh:
He finishes his work very quickly.

Auxiliary verbs (can and could)

Bahasan kita saat ini adalah Auxiliary verb atau kata kerja bantu yang juga bisa disebut dengan modal verb. Dalam bahasa Inggris kita mengenal banyak sekali modal verbs, misalnya: can, must, have to, has to, may dll. Sekarang kita fokus ke modal verb can dan could.

Can bisa digunakan untuk:
*Menyatakan kemampuan/ability
Contoh:
I can swim. = Saya bisa berenang.
She can speak English. = Dia bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris.
Roni can drive a car. = Roni bisa menyetir mobil.

*Dipakai untuk membuat kalimat permitaan/request
Kita biasanya menggunakan kalimat tanya jika kita ingin meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
Can you turn on the TV?
Can you help me?
Can you be quiet!
*Permission atau izin
Kita biasanya memakai can untuk meminta atau memberi izin.
Contoh:
A: Can I smoke in this room?
B: You can't smoke here.

Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan formula penggunaan can di bawah ini:
Kalimat Positif
S + can + V1
Contoh:
She can play soccer.
They can swim.
Kalimat negatif
S + cannot/can't + V1
contoh:
She can't play soccer.
They can't swim.
Kalimat tanya
Can + S + V1
contoh:
Can you sing a song? Yes, I can/ No, I can't
Can she play soccer? Yes, She can/ No, She can't
Can they swim? Yes, They can / No, They can't

Could digunakan untuk:
*bentuk lampau/past dari can, bisa dipakai untuk menerangkan kemampuan/ability di masa lampau.
Contoh:
I could swim when I was 5 years old. (saya bisa berenang ketika saya berusia tahun)
Toni could speak 7 languages.
Untuk merubah kalimat-kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat negatif, tinggal menambahkan "not" setelah could.
I could not swim when I was 5 years old.
Toni Couldn't speak 7 languages.
*Untuk membuat kalimat permintaan/request dan juga perintah/order
Dalam hal ini jika kita menggunakan could dalam sebuah kalimat perintah atau permintaan, maka akan terlihat formal atau lebih sopan jika dibandingkan dengan menggunakan can.
Contoh:
Could you help me, please?
Could you turn on the Tv, please?
Could you tell me where the hospital is, please?
Sekian dulu penjelasan singkat mengenai can dan could, semoga bisa dipahami dan dipergunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Prepositions of Time

Prepositions of time berfungsi menunjukan waktu terjadinya sesuatu. Prepositions of time ini antara lain on, in, at, from...to. Saya akan mencoba menjelaskan satu persatu.

In
Preposition in digunakan untuk waktu malam (in the evening), Pagi (in the morning), sore (in the afternoon).
Contoh dalam kalimat:
I go to the museum in the evening.
She usually sings a song in the morning.
Toni never brushes his teeth in the afternoon.

Preposition in digunakan untuk periode waktu yang lainnya, misalnya, musim (winter/summer/spring, dll), bulan (month), tahun (year), abad (centuries).
Contoh:
My birthday is in July.
I want to go to America in the spring.
They went to Jakarta in 1990.

On
Preposition ini digunakan sebelum nama hari atau beberapa jenis hari
Contoh:
I don't go to school on Sunday.
I can't come to your house on Monday.
Jadi sebelum nama-nama hari preposition yang tepat adalah on dan kita tidak boleh menggunakan in ataupun at.
On juga dipakai jika kita menggunakan waktu seperti di bawah ini:
My birthday is on July 12th.
She went to medan on 11 March 2010.
Kesimpulan: Jadi jika hanya nama hari saja gunakan on, jika lengkap menggunakan tanggal/bulan/tahun maka gunakan on, jika hanya nama bulan gunakan in, jika hanya nama musim, abad, atau tahun saja maka gunakan in.

At
Preposition at digunakan untuk waktu-waktu tertentu, misalnya:

My sister gets up at 5.00
He goes to school at 6.00 every morning.
I usually watch TV at night.
Note: Kata night harus menggunakan preposition at, tidak boleh menggunakan preposition on maupun in.

From...to
Apabila kita ingin membuat periode waktu dengan akhir yang ditentukan, kita bisa memakai from...to.
Contoh:
My wife usually sleeps from 10.00 to 12.00.
I will stay in Jakarta from March 7th to June 1st.

lagilagi

Wednesday, 21 October 2015

Ringkasan Materi B inggris SMK kls 10

Order of adjectives

Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:

He was a nice intelligent young man.
She had a small round black wooden box.

Opinion adjectives:

Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:

List of Countries, Nationalities and their Languages

Penggunaan A dan AN

Perlu diingat bahwa artikel a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), dan tidak boleh diikuti secara langsung oleh uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung).

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Wednesday, 21 October 2015

Ringkasan Materi B inggris SMK kls 10

Order of adjectives

Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:

He was a nice intelligent young man. She had a small round black wooden box.

Opinion adjectives:

Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:

List of Countries, Nationalities and their Languages

Penggunaan A dan AN

Perlu diingat bahwa artikel a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), dan tidak boleh diikuti secara langsung oleh uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung).

No comments:

Post a Comment

He was a nice intelligent young man.
She had a small round black wooden box.